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2.4 Phase diagrams

Figure 2.3: T-x-Types of binary phase diagram at constant pressure.

One can distinguish between open miscibility gaps (a,b,d) and closed miscibility gaps (c). In the present work only phase diagrams of type (a) and (b) play a role. Phase diagrams of type (a) with upper critical point T u c can be found when alcohols, n-alkanes, as well as nitro-benzene and nitro-alkanes are involved. Phase diagrams of type (b) with lower critical point T l c are characteristic of aqueous mixtures.

2.4.2 Phase diagrams of ternary mixtures at constant pressure

Ternary systems are made of three constituents. Let us denote the three constituents by A, B, and C. The mole fractions of the constituents are related to one another:

where xi denotes the mole fraction of the constituents A, B or C. The diagrams, as pre- sented in Fig.(2.4) are three-dimensional but for ease of drawing and interpretation it is convenient to handle them by considering the isotherm in two dimensions. Along the

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