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3.3 Ultrasonic techniques

Figure 3.9: Water measurement at resonance frequency of 12 MHz, and its satellite modes.

j : mode number; γ j = αj +i2π f/cs (propagation constant); f j : resonance frequency ; φ0 : global phase; l : cell length; U : amplitude of electrical cross talk; φU : phase of electrical cross talk.

3.3.4 Pulse-modulated traveling wave methods

At frequencies above 3 MHz the distortion of resonator curves by higher order modes may be so strong that the separation of the satellite peaks from the main resonance curve becomes impossible. However, the simple proportionality, given by the expression:

allows to measure quasi-directly the sound attenuation coefficient α. The principle of

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